# Short‐term actions of epigalocatechin‐3‐gallate in the liver: a mechanistic insight into hypoglycemic and potential toxic effects

## TL;DR

EGCG, a compound in green tea, reduces glucose production in the liver and boosts fat breakdown, but may also harm liver cells under certain conditions.

## Contribution

This study reveals the acute hepatic mechanisms of EGCG, linking its antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects to potential hepatotoxic risks.

## Key findings

- EGCG inhibited gluconeogenesis by up to 52% and stimulated fatty acid oxidation and ketone production.
- EGCG caused mitochondrial uncoupling and altered NADH/NAD+ ratios, suggesting redox changes.
- Membrane disruption by EGCG raises concerns about hepatotoxicity in compromised livers.

## Abstract

Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), the main catechin in green tea, is associated with antidiabetic and anti‐obesity effects, although its acute hepatic actions remain unclear. We investigated short‐term effects of EGCG (10–500 μm) using isolated perfused rat livers and complementary assays in mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic fractions. EGCG markedly inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate (up to 52%), glycerol (33%), and alanine (47%), while it stimulated glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and oleic acid oxidation (+42% total ketone bodies). Oxygen uptake was stimulated under glycogenolytic and fatty acid oxidizing conditions but inhibited under gluconeogenic conditions. Mechanistic analyses revealed EGCG‐induced mild mitochondrial uncoupling, inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase (with no effect on fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase) and stimulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. EGCG shifted cytosolic and mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratios toward oxidation, increased mitochondrial and plasma membrane permeability (LDH leakage from 10 μm), and altered redox‐sensitive fluxes, while the total hepatic ATP content remained unchanged. In summary, EGCG's multifaceted actions suggest that suppression of gluconeogenesis may contribute to its antihyperglycemic effect and the stimulation of fatty acid oxidation to its anti‐obesity action. Finally, EGCG's membrane‐disruptive properties raise concerns about potential hepatotoxicity in compromised livers.

Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) acutely inhibited gluconeogenesis and enhanced glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and fatty acid oxidation in perfused rat livers. Mechanistic assays revealed mitochondrial uncoupling, inhibition of pyruvate carboxylation and glucose‐6‐phosphatase, shift of NADH/NAD+ ratios toward oxidation, and loss of membrane integrity. These multifaceted actions support EGCG’s antidiabetic and anti‐obesity potential but raise concerns about hepatotoxicity under compromised liver conditions.