# Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Pathophysiology, Genetics, Biomarkers, and Treatment Perspectives

## TL;DR

This paper explores how genetic mutations cause brain vascular issues and how new imaging and biomarkers can help diagnose and treat the condition.

## Contribution

The work integrates molecular mechanisms with clinical insights to advance precision medicine for familial cerebral cavernous malformations.

## Key findings

- Genetic mutations in CCM1/2/3 genes disrupt endothelial function and lead to vascular instability.
- MRI and circulating biomarkers like inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs can detect disease progression.
- Targeting molecular pathways offers new therapeutic strategies for improved diagnosis and treatment.

## Abstract

Familial cerebral cavernous malformations (FCCM) are a heritable neurovascular disorder defined by clusters of dilated, thin‐walled capillaries in the brain and spinal cord. Although rare, FCCM offers a tractable model for understanding how genetic disruptions in endothelial junction biology, mechanotransduction, and kinase signaling drive vascular instability in the central nervous system. Pathogenic loss‐of‐function variants converge on signaling abnormalities that promote barrier dysfunction, iron deposition, inflammation, and progressive lesional growth. Clinically, FCCM may manifest with seizures, headaches, focal deficits, or intracerebral hemorrhage, yet many carriers remain asymptomatic owing to incomplete and age‐dependent penetrance. Advances in neuroimaging have enhanced the detection of micro‐lesions and iron accumulation, establishing these modalities as central biomarkers of disease expression. Complementing imaging, emerging circulating biomarkers, including inflammatory cytokines and plasma microRNAs associated with mutation status, may improve individualized risk stratification. This primer synthesizes current knowledge on FCCM pathophysiology, genetics, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic perspectives. By integrating molecular mechanisms with clinical relevance, it outlines a framework for understanding FCCM as a disorder of perturbed endothelial signaling and neurovascular homeostasis, and highlights opportunities to advance precision medicine for this challenging condition.

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions in the brain caused by inherited genetic mutations in the CCM1/2/3 genes that disrupt normal blood vessel function. This work demonstrates that these mutations lead to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and iron accumulation, which can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and by circulating biomarkers. The study also highlights current and emerging therapeutic strategies that target these molecular pathways to improve diagnosis and treatment. SWI/QSM: susceptibility‐weighted imaging/quantitative susceptibility mapping.