Stroke-Like Migraine Attacks After Radiation Therapy (SMART) Syndrome: A Diagnostic Challenge a Decade After Cranial Irradiation

TL;DR

SMART syndrome is a rare condition causing neurological symptoms years after radiation therapy, often with good recovery.

Contribution

This case report highlights the diagnostic challenges and management of SMART syndrome in a patient with a history of cranial irradiation.

Findings

SMART syndrome can present with seizures and neurological deficits years after radiation.

MRI shows transient cortical abnormalities in previously irradiated brain regions.

Optimized antiepileptic therapy led to improved neurological recovery in the patient.

Abstract

Stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation therapy (SMART) syndrome is a rare, late complication of cranial radiotherapy characterized by recurrent neurological symptoms, which may include headaches, hemiparesis, aphasia, seizures and confusion. The condition typically manifests years after radiation exposure, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing transient, reversible cortical abnormalities in previously irradiated regions. Although often self-limiting, neurological recovery may be incomplete in some cases.

We present the case of a 64-year-old elderly male with a prior history of cranial irradiation received in 2015 who was admitted with abnormal body movements. Initial blood investigations and a non-contrast CT head were unremarkable. The MRI brain scan demonstrated deep white matter ischemic changes with no new focal lesions compared to a prior scan. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was normal. Electroencephalography revealed focal onset seizures with secondary generalization. Following neurology review, antiepileptic therapy was optimized. Based on the clinical history, radiological findings, and seizure disorder, a diagnosis of SMART syndrome was made. The patient gradually improved his level of consciousness with a decrease in seizure activity with good neurological recovery.

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