# Azimuthal sensitivity and spatio-temporal decimation of data from distributed acoustic sensing on submarine cables for offshore earthquake early warning systems

## TL;DR

Using submarine fiber-optic cables with DAS can improve early warning systems for offshore earthquakes by detecting seismic waves more quickly.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that DAS on submarine cables can detect offshore earthquake waves earlier and function effectively with heavily decimated data.

## Key findings

- P-wave detection using DAS on a submarine cable triggered an early warning 1.59 seconds earlier than a land station for a Mw5.8 earthquake.
- S-wave detection triggered an early warning 3.89 seconds earlier using the same DAS system.
- Data decimation by factors of 10 and 100 for P- and S-waves still allows effective early warning signals.

## Abstract

Offshore earthquakes can cause widespread destruction due to directly propagating seismic vibrations and/or the generation of tsunamis. Early warning of offshore earthquakes is vital, but their location complicates identification of clear early warning (EW) signatures. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), applied to offshore fibre-optic cables offers the prospect to improve early warning of offshore events. We use a DAS dataset acquired from a 30 km submarine cable spanning a complex bathymetry, offshore Sicily, to contribute to a proof-of-concept using five regional earthquakes to investigate factors impacting incident body wave detection capabilities. We demonstrate observations for P- and S-waves incident parallel and perpendicular to the cable, and that cable coupling to the surrounding medium exerts far more control on signal quality than incidence azimuth. Compared to the nearest land station, an EW signal for a Mw5.8 earthquake was triggered 1.59 seconds earlier using P-wave arrivals on the fibre, and 3.89 seconds earlier using S-waves. We show that effective warnings can be made despite spatially decimating data by factors of 10 and 100 for P-waves and S-waves, respectively. This data volume reduction allows DAS on legacy seafloor cables to be integrated with EW systems for offshore earthquakes and other geohazards which threaten coastal populations.