# Disparities in Advance Care Planning: Gaps in Clinical Notes on Comfort VS. Life-Sustaining Treatment Preferences

## TL;DR

The study finds disparities in documenting patient preferences for comfort vs. life-sustaining treatments in electronic health records, with differences based on diagnosis and demographics.

## Contribution

A novel application of NLP (Priorities-BERT) identifies disparities in advance care planning documentation across patient groups.

## Key findings

- Heart failure and dementia patients are more likely to have comfort preferences documented.
- Cancer patients are more likely to have life-sustaining treatment preferences documented.
- Older age is associated with lower odds of life-sustaining treatment preferences being documented.

## Abstract

Goal-concordant care is essential, yet disparities in advance care planning (ACP) persist. Electronic health record (EHRs) documentation of specific preferences, such as comfort and life-sustaining treatments (LST) and natural language processing (NLP) to extract free-text data, provides real-world information to explore patterns.

To identify predictors associated with documentation of specific preferences in a cohort of older adults with chronic conditions.

In a dataset of records from 14,729 older adults with heart failure, cancer, or dementia from a large academic medical center, we used a validated NLP model, Priorities-BERT (accuracy= 90.91%), to categorize documented care preferences from 3.6 million EHR notes into four groups: comfort-only, LST-only, mixed, or none. Logistic regression identified factors associated with each preference category (vs. no preference).

The mean age of the sample was 78.67 years (SD = 6.05). Female patients (vs. male) (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04–1.19), heart failure (OR =1.59, 95% CI: 1.34–1.89), dementia (OR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.25-1.43), were associated with higher odds of having any priorities of care documented. Increasing age was associated with lower odds of LST (OR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.94-0.95). Patients with heart failure (OR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.39-1.61) or dementia (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.42-1.71) were more likely to have comfort preferences documented. Conversely, cancer patients were more likely to have LST documented (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.03-1.21).

Significant disparities existed across these three diagnoses in documentation ACP preferences. Targeted clinical and health-system interventions are needed to promote equitable and timely ACP conversations for patients likely to benefit from this care.