# Roadmaps Of Resistance: Motorist Greenbook Safe Spaces And Modern-Day Subjective Cognitive Decline

## TL;DR

Historic safe spaces for Black Americans, like those in the Greenbook, may protect against modern-day cognitive decline disparities.

## Contribution

This study links historic safe spaces (Greenbook sites) to reduced subjective cognitive decline in older adults.

## Key findings

- Fewer Greenbook sites correlate with higher subjective cognitive decline in non-Black men and non-Black women.
- Black women had the highest odds of reporting cognitive decline compared to White men.
- Greenbook sites may serve as protective factors against health inequities today.

## Abstract

The Greenbook is a historic list of safe spaces for individuals racialized as Black living in the U.S. under Jim Crow. The literature on structural racism and poorer cognitive aging across generations suggests the presence of safe spaces (i.e., structural resilience) may mitigate contemporary disparities in cognitive aging, like subjective cognitive decline (SCD). This study examines the state-level association between Greenbook sites and SCD.

The state-level sum of 1948 Greenbook sites was transformed into quartiles representing sites per square mile (Q1=fewer sites/sq/mi; Q4 = most sites/sq/mi). These data were linked with state-level data from a single-item reporting SCD from 2015/2016 CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for a sample of older adults (N = 21,378, aged>45). We compared participants across racialized groups and gender living in states with fewer Greenbook sites (Q1,Q2,Q3) to those living in states with more sites (Q4) on modern-day SCD (adjusting for income, degree attainment, and age).

Accounting for covariates, women racialized as Black had the highest odds of reporting SCD (OR: 1.26, 95% C.I. 1.11-1.44) compared to men racialized as White. Across all participants except men racialized as Black, living in states with the fewest Greenbook sites per square mile compared to those in states with the highest associated with modern-day SCD.

Living near fewer Greenbook sites is associated with present-day SCD among older adults. This suggests historic safe spaces served as protective factors against SCD. The Greenbook is a refuge from historic structural harms that shape health inequities today.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12763259