Social Network Size in the Years Before Death: An Examination by Dementia Status

TL;DR

This study examines how social networks change in the years before death, finding that people with dementia maintain stable networks while those without dementia experience a decline.

Contribution

The study reveals distinct patterns of social network change before death based on dementia status, offering insights for targeted social interventions.

Findings

Individuals with normal cognition experience a linear decline in social network size before death.

Those with probable dementia maintain stable network sizes in the years before death.

Social interventions may benefit different groups depending on timing and cognitive health.

Abstract

There is growing recognition that in addition to between-person differences in the size of older adults’ social networks, within-person network growth or shrinkage also influence well-being. Relatively little attention has been paid to patterns of social network change at the end of life, when health declines can render social networks especially important for quality of life, while also potentially compromising individuals’ ability to maintain social ties. Using longitudinal data from respondents of the National Health and Aging Trends Study who have died, we examine how core discussion network size changes in the years before death, with particular attention to differences in cognitive status at the end of life. Tests of mean differences indicated that respondents with normal cognition in the last interview before death had significantly larger core discussion networks (M = 2.10) compared to those with probable dementia (M = 1.79; p< .001). Among respondents with normal cognition in the last interview (N = 1,642), growth curve models revealed a linear decline of 0.03 social network members per year in the years before death (p<.001). Among respondents with probable dementia in their last interview (N = 1,002), network size did not change significantly in the years before death. Our results suggest that effective efforts to support older adults’ social engagement may depend on both timing and cognitive health status. Social interventions may provide more benefits for those with dementia if implemented before the end-of-life period, while efforts implemented at the end of life may still benefit older adults with normal cognition.