# Influence of Work-to-Retirement Trajectories on Cognitive Outcomes in Later Life

## TL;DR

Working longer, especially by pursuing new careers, is linked to better cognitive health in older adults and may reduce dementia risk in men after retirement.

## Contribution

This study identifies specific work-to-retirement trajectories and their cognitive benefits, particularly for those pursuing encore careers.

## Key findings

- Working longer is associated with better cognitive outcomes during the later-phase of work life.
- Pursuing new careers in later life is linked to a lower dementia risk for men after retirement.
- Providing learning opportunities for older workers can help preserve cognitive health.

## Abstract

Previous studies report that working longer is associated with better cognitive health. Yet, few studies evaluated the cognitive outcomes from various ways of working longer, such as remaining in career jobs longer, pursuing new careers, and gradually reducing work hours. While working in career jobs longer provides cognitive benefits, pursuing new careers in later life (i.e. encore careers) involves learning and training of different skills and knowledge that possibly can provide significantly more cognitive benefits by stimulating cognitive functionality. I use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; n = 1,765) to evaluate how various work-to-retirement trajectories influence the cognitive outcomes of older workers during their later-phase of work lives (ages 60-71) and post-retirement lives (ages 70-81). I first use sequence analysis to categorize work-to-retirement trajectories into six groups. Then, I use latent growth modeling and competing risk analyses to examine the changes in cognitive health, separately by gender. The results show that working longer, regardless of making career transitions, is associated with better cognitive outcomes during the later-phase of work life (Slopes = 0.023 and 0.245 for pursuing new careers and taking phased exits respectively), and pursuing new careers in later life is associated with lower probability of getting dementia for men during post-retirement lives (Sub-distributional Hazard Ratio = 0.332). These results suggest that provision of learning and training opportunities for older workers, especially the skills and knowledge outside their career jobs, can contribute to preserving better cognitive health in later life.