# Cognitive Aging and Dementia Research: Expanding Horizons on Social and Environmental Contexts

## TL;DR

This symposium explores how early and midlife social and environmental factors influence cognitive aging and dementia, using data from multiple studies.

## Contribution

The research introduces new insights into how education, neighborhood poverty, and work trajectories affect late-life cognition and dementia.

## Key findings

- Education has a unique role in predicting dementia beyond genetic and socio-environmental factors.
- Cumulative exposure to neighborhood disadvantage increases the risk of late-life cognitive impairment.
- Working longer and engaging in encore careers may reduce the probability of later-life dementia.

## Abstract

This symposium showcases new cross-disciplinary research into proposals about early-life and midlife contexts associated with later-life cognition and dementia. The early-career speakers utilize data from the Carolina African American Twins Study of Aging (CAATSA), Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and apply advanced analysis methods. Presentations consider the influence of education, early adult and midlife neighborhood poverty, and pre-retirement work contexts in cognitive aging. Early-life education is well-known as a predictor of dementia. Johnson expands this research by revealing a unique role for education beyond zygosity and socio-environmental factors. Kalousová examines the relevance to late life cognition of early-to-late life residential contexts characterized by neighborhood poverty. Using sequence analysis, she identifies distinct patterns of exposure to neighborhood disadvantage over time. Cumulative exposures to areas with limited resources increased the likelihood of late-life cognitive impairment. Retirement from the workforce often contributes to increased stress, loneliness, and reduced cognitive engagement. Kayser, Xiang, and Smith apply cross-wave dynamic change models to HRS multi-wave data to disentangle bidirectional associations between changes in cognition and loneliness after retirement. They report that over the longer-term both cognitive decline and loneliness increase. Working longer and different retirement trajectories may mitigate cognitive decline. Oh used sequence analysis to identify six work-related trajectories prior to retirement. He finds that working longer and engaging in so-called “encore” careers reduce the probability of later-life dementia. The session concludes with an integrative discussion by Carr of the implications of these studies for future research and policy.