Contrast Sensitivity, Visual Acuity, and Cognition in Older Adults for the Healthy Aging Initiative

TL;DR

This study explores how visual tests like contrast sensitivity and visual acuity may help detect early signs of cognitive decline in older adults.

Contribution

The study demonstrates that contrast sensitivity is a brief and low-cost method for early detection of cognitive decline in older adults.

Findings

Contrast sensitivity was significantly associated with both Mini-Cog and RAVLT cognitive tests.

A trend was observed between visual acuity and Mini-Cog scores.

Contrast sensitivity may be valuable for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias.

Abstract

Visual dysfunction in older adults can be associated with cognitive impairment. Cognitive assessments are not regularly utilized by many clinicians as they are time-consuming, susceptible to learning effects, and require complex instructions. Assessing visual function through contrast sensitivity and visual acuity tests may help predict cognitive decline and aid clinicians in its early detection while minimizing implementation barriers. We analyzed data from the first 148 participants of the Healthy Aging Initiative (HAI), a longitudinal observational study designed to track health changes over time in residents living independently in Hebrew SeniorLife Senior Housing Communities. We assessed visual acuity (Rosenbaum Near-Vision Card), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart), and cognitive function (Mini-Cog, Trail Making Test Part B, and Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT]). Cognitive measures were adjusted for demographic norms. We analyzed cross-sectional associations between visual and cognitive measures using Pearson correlations. Contrast sensitivity was significantly associated with both Mini-Cog and RAVLT (p = 0.019; p = 0.006, respectively). A trend was observed between visual acuity and Mini-Cog scores (p = 0.092). No other significant associations were identified. Our results align with existing literature indicating that contrast sensitivity is significantly associated with cognition. The trend between visual acuity and cognition also corresponds with existing literature supporting its value. Annual wellness exams for older adults should include assessments of visual domains, especially in senior housing communities where resident health is closely monitored. Contrast sensitivity, which is associated with memory deficits, may be particularly valuable as a brief and low-cost method for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias.