Mediators of Racial Disparities in Hospice Use During the Last Six Months of Life

TL;DR

This study explores how income and housing conditions contribute to racial disparities in hospice care use during the final six months of life.

Contribution

The study identifies income as a partial mediator of racial disparities in hospice use, while housing inconvenience has a direct but small effect.

Findings

Non-white patients were 25% less likely to use hospice after adjusting for age, sex, and region.

Income partially explained racial disparities in hospice use, accounting for about 24% of the effect.

Housing inconvenience had a negligible mediation effect but was directly linked to lower hospice use.

Abstract

Racial disparities remain a concern in hospice care use, especially during the last six months of life. Social determinants of health factors such as low income and suboptimal housing (e.g., inconvenient housing conditions: lacking elevators in multi-level building, non-private bathrooms, or living in multi-level building) impact utilization, but their roles are not fully understood. We analyzed 2015–2020 Medicare Current Beneficiaries Survey data from 1,736 deceased beneficiaries (1,418 white, 318 non-white). Mediation analyses were conducted to test whether income or housing inconvenience explained racial differences in hospice use in the last six months of life. Causal mediation analyses adjusted for confounders, and diagnostic checks ruled out multicollinearity. Overall, 48% of patients used hospice. After adjustment for age, sex, and region, non-white patients were 25% less likely to use hospice. Income partially mediated this disparity (NIE = 1.0687, p = 0.0576), accounting for approximately 24% of the total effect. Housing inconvenience exhibited a negligible mediation effect (NIE = 1.0018, p = 0.8794). In fully adjusted models, older age (OR = 1.039, 95%CI [1.031, 1.051]) and higher income (OR highest income = 1.423, 95%CI [1.091, 1.856]) were significantly associated with hospice use. Higher housing inconvenience scores were associated with 48.1% lower likelihood of hospice use (OR = 0.519, 95%CI [0.352, 0.764]). Racial disparities in hospice utilization persist during the last six months of life. Income partially mediates these differences, whereas housing inconvenience may directly influence hospice use.