# Heterogeneiety and Cognitive Status Among Older Black Men

## TL;DR

This study explores how income inequality affects cognitive impairment among older Black men, finding significant differences based on income levels.

## Contribution

The study highlights the importance of considering income-based heterogeneity in understanding cognitive outcomes among Black men.

## Key findings

- Black men with incomes below $50,000 had a higher rate of cognitive impairment (48.2%) compared to those with higher incomes (18.4%).
- Age and poor health were significant factors for lower-income men, while education and depressive symptoms mattered for higher-income men.
- The study shows that correlates of cognitive impairment vary significantly by income status among Black men.

## Abstract

Persistent and cumulative inequality have contributed to disproportionate levels of cognitive impairment and decline among Black men. The association between inequality and cognitive outcomes among this population is deemed complex and recent studies have suggested that heterogeneity can be an important consideration. The purpose of this study was to examine how heterogeneity influences correlates of cognitive impairment among Black men in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Data were drawn from participants who completed the Core and Leave Behind Questionnaire items in the 2016 HRS. Any cognitive impairment was the outcome of interest. Income status was the primary contextual variable indicating whether particpants had incomes above or below the national medican income ($50,000). Income status distinctions were observed for every variable in the study. There was a significant difference in any cognitive impairment as the proportion of Black men with incomes less than $50,000 (48.2%) more than doubled the corresponding percentage for their more affluent peers (18.4%). Results from stratified Modified Poisoon Regression models indicated that correlates associated with any cognitive impairment varied by income status. Age (PR = 1.02: CI 1.00 – 1.03) and poor health (PR = 1.43: CI 1.08 – 1.90) were significant for men reporting incomes below the national median while post-secondary education (PR = 0.22: CI: 0.09 – 0.51) and depressive symptoms (PR = 1.19 CI: 1.02 – 1.39) were associated with any cognitive impairment among Black men with incomes over $50,000. Additional studies are needed to advance our understanding how heterogeneity can impact research examining cognitive impairment and decline among Black men.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12762165