# Empathy, Autonomy, and Social Expectations in Surrogate Decision-Making Among Taiwanese Adults

## TL;DR

This study explores how gender and cultural norms influence surrogate decision-making in Taiwan, revealing differences in empathy and autonomy considerations.

## Contribution

The study identifies gender-based differences in surrogate decision-making types within a Taiwanese cultural context.

## Key findings

- Women prioritize patient preferences, empathy, and minimizing suffering in surrogate decisions.
- Men are more influenced by societal expectations and familial opinions in decision-making.
- Cultural norms and gender roles shape surrogate decision-making approaches in Taiwan.

## Abstract

Surrogate decision-making involves making choices for individuals unable to express their preferences. In many Asian societies, this process is family-centered, with elders—typically sons or senior members—making decisions based on hierarchy, harmony, and collective responsibility. Tunney and Ziegler’s (2015) typology categorizes surrogate decisions into four types: (1) Substituted Judgment, reflecting the patient’s prior wishes; (2) Benevolent Decision-Making, prioritizing the patient’s best interests; (3) Egocentric Decision-Making, influenced by external pressures; and (4) Projective Decision-Making, where surrogates assume patients would choose as they would. This study examines the most prevalent decision-making type in Taiwan and the influence of gender.

An online questionnaire was distributed via social media, targeting a broad demographic, including older adults. Conducted from October 2024 to January 2025, it gathered 2,000 responses, with 25% aged 65 or older. Of the respondents, 10.9% worked in medical fields, 70% held a college degree, and 51% were male.

Gender differences emerged in surrogate decision-making. Women prioritized Substituted Judgment, Projective, and Benevolent Decision-Making, incorporating patient preferences, empathy, and minimizing suffering. Men leaned toward Egocentric Decision-Making, influenced by societal expectations and familial opinions, prioritizing external perceptions over patient well-being.

Cultural norms and gender roles shape surrogate decisions. Women tend to be patient-centered, while men emphasize social responsibility. Understanding these differences can enhance ethical frameworks, ensuring surrogate decisions align more closely with patient autonomy and well-being.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12760878