Managing Medications for Older Adults: Conceptualizing Primary and Secondary Caregiver Collaboration

TL;DR

This study explores how primary and secondary caregivers collaborate on medication management for older adults, identifying key themes and strategies that influence their roles and decision-making.

Contribution

The paper introduces a conceptual framework for understanding multi-caregiver collaboration in medication management for older adults.

Findings

Two main themes emerged: variable decision-making authority and active/passive support roles.

Three collaboration strategies were identified: Partnership, Delegation, and Directive.

Caregiver collaboration is influenced by task demands, knowledge, and socio-demographic factors like gender and co-residency.

Abstract

Approximately 90% of older adults take at least one prescription medication, with a third taking more than five. Family members, including primary and secondary caregivers, play critical roles in helping older adults manage medications, yet research has not explored how they collaborate on these tasks. Limited understanding of multi-caregiver collaboration on medication management hinders support effort and jeopardize patient’s disease management and safety. This study used a secondary analysis of qualitative interview data with 29 family caregivers in Taiwan who self-identified as primary caregivers of an older adult and collaborated with at least one other caregiver on medication management. Thematic analysis began with a deductive approach using Look and Stone’s medication management activity framework, followed by inductive analysis to identify additional themes. Two themes emerged capturing caregiver collaboration: (1) Conferring variable decision-making authority and (2) Assuming an active or passive support role. Three collaboration strategies were patterned based on the two themes: (1) Partnership—both caregivers shared decision-making authority and tasks equally; (2) Delegation—the primary caregiver retained most decision-making and task responsibility but temporarily shifted tasks to the secondary caregiver when unavailable; and (3) Directive—the primary caregiver retained full decision-making while assigned the secondary caregiver’s predefined routine tasks. Collaboration shifts based on physical or cognitive task demands, caregivers’ knowledge and skills in medication management, and relationship and care availability factors such as gender, kinship, marital status, co-residency, and employment. Future research should explore how caregiver satisfaction with these strategies affects medication management and the role of socio-demographic determinants.