# High-Throughput Resistance Phenotyping of Banana (Musa spp.) against Radopholus similis

## TL;DR

A new in vitro method for testing banana resistance to a damaging nematode is developed, offering faster and more efficient screening for breeding programs.

## Contribution

The first in vitro-based method for phenotyping banana resistance to Radopholus similis using modified sand-MS media is developed and validated.

## Key findings

- The in vitro method showed similar resistance trends to screenhouse testing but with higher throughput and lower cost.
- Some banana accessions showed differing responses between in vitro and screenhouse methods, suggesting the need for complementary assessments.
- The sand-MS media improved root development and nematode interactions, making the method suitable for high-throughput phenotyping.

## Abstract

Radopholus similis severely damages banana roots causing significant yield losses. Field screening for resistance is labor intensive and inconsistent due to environmental variation and mixed nematode populations. The screenhouse offers a controlled environment but is limited by the time needed for root development and variation in plant growth. We developed and validated a high-throughput in vitro method for phenotyping banana resistance to R. similis using sand-Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. Tissue culture plantlets grown in sterilized sand-MS were inoculated with 50 female R. similis after root development and nematodes extracted eight weeks after inoculation to calculate the reproduction factor (RF). Although RF values were higher for in vitro than in the screenhouse, accession responses showed similar trends under both conditions. The in vitro method was rapid, cost-effective with higher throughput, accelerating phenotyping and enabling rapid assessment of banana accessions for breeding programs. Some accessions responded differently to the two methods indicating that additional methods, such as root necrosis scores are important to confirm resistance. This study is the first in vitro-based demonstration of phenotyping for nematode resistance using modified sand-MS media with improved root development and pathogen interactions.