# Integrating quarry dust and industrial waste in producing eco-friendly hybrid geopolymer concrete

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new eco-friendly concrete made with quarry dust and industrial waste that performs as well or better than traditional concrete.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in using hybrid geopolymer concrete with quarry dust and industrial waste as sustainable substitutes.

## Key findings

- Hybrid geopolymer concrete showed similar or better performance than traditional concrete in strength and workability.
- Compressive strength increased by about 10% when basalt or dolomite powder replaced 15% of fly ash.
- Microstructural analysis revealed thick and even structures in hybrid geopolymer concrete mixes.

## Abstract

This paper proposes the production and testing of hybrid geopolymer concrete (HGC) as a sustainable substitute for the well-known traditional slag- and fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. A total of fourteen sustainable HGC were proposed with a variety of quarry dust materials such as granite powder (GP), basalt powder (BP), and dolomite powder (DP) as partial substitutes of fly ash (FA). Additionally, industry waste materials namely, plastic shales (PS), plastic pellets (PP), and crumb rubber (CR) were used as partial substitutes of sand in the proposed HGC. Several variables were investigated including geopolymer binder type, concrete curing methods, and mixing procedures. Heat followed by water (HW) and heat followed by air (HA) curing methods were applied on the proposed HGC. Workability, compressive strength (under ambient and high elevated temperature), splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength were the physical, and mechanical properties measured. The measured properties of HGC were also compared with those of equivalent cement-based concrete mix. Selected HGC mixes were further analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The results indicated that the proposed HGC is a practical and eco-friendly substitute of both traditional geopolymer and cement-based concrete, as it showed similar or better performance. The compressive strength increased by about 10% when 15% of the FA was replaced by BP or DP. Exposing the proposed concrete to high elevated temperature of 300 °C for 2 h increased its compressive strength by 20.5% for the control mix, 29.9% for mix contained 15% GP, 2.6% for mix contained 15% BP, 3.4% for mix contained 15% DP, and by 2.4% for mix contained 25% CR. However, all mixes lost strength when exposed to 600 °C for 2 h. Except for the Control mix, GP mixes, and PP mixes, the HW curing method showed lower strength in all mixtures. All HGC mixes showed better performance than the cement-based concrete. Microstructural analyses showed a thick and even structure for the HGC mixes, supporting their relatively high strength. This study demonstrates the substantial potential of HGC as a revolutionary concrete type for construction that coincides with global sustainability goals and meets contemporary building demands.