# Friendship segregation and class composition in schools: A systematic analysis of the role of attribute consolidation

## TL;DR

This paper explores how sorting students into classes affects friendships, showing that gender-based groupings have a major impact on social segregation.

## Contribution

The study introduces the concept of 'attribute consolidation' and demonstrates its novel role in shaping friendship segregation in schools.

## Key findings

- Friendship segregation is most strongly influenced by gender consolidation in school classes.
- Reducing gender consolidation through class placement can decrease ingroup friendships by 4–7 percentage points.
- The impact of gender consolidation is greatest in diverse schools in low between-school segregation countries.

## Abstract

In schools around the world students are sorted to different groups, courses, or classes. In increasingly diverse societies, such sorting practices play an important role to social cohesion. They set the structural conditions for students to form friendships across demographic divides. This article highlights the importance of attribute consolidation in learning contexts, the extent to which demographic categories align or cross-cut each other, a compositional feature largely overlooked in practical school settings. In Study 1, a comprehensive analysis of the association of attribute consolidation and friendship segregation in 524 school classes in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden reveals the outstanding significance of gender consolidation. This means that friendships are far more segregated along an attribute when it aligns with gender in a classroom than when it coincides with other attributes, such as socio-economic status or place of residence. Based on this finding, Study 2 uses simulations to examine the potential effects of class-placement strategies that reduce gender consolidation. The results suggest that, relative to observed class placement in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, class placement that minimizes gender consolidation can decrease friendship segregation in that it reduces students’ share of ingroup friends by 4–7 percentage points. More generally, the potential impact of paying attention to gender consolidation in class placement is the largest in diverse schools, which are mostly located in diverse countries with low levels of between-school segregation.