# Rapid diagnosis of different cardiovascular disease events from early released cardiac biomarkers, cTnI, BNP, and CRP, by biosensor technology

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a fast, low-cost biosensor test for detecting heart disease biomarkers, enabling quick diagnosis in emergency and primary care settings.

## Contribution

The study presents a novel optical nano biosensor platform for rapid, accurate point-of-care detection of multiple cardiac biomarkers.

## Key findings

- The biosensor achieved high sensitivity for cTnI (95.2%), BNP (91.8%), and CRP (89%).
- Results were obtained in 15 minutes with strong correlation to laboratory tests.
- The test is cost-effective and suitable for use in resource-limited and emergency settings.

## Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a significant global health challenge, making the detection of cardiac biomarkers crucial for early diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies. This research aims to transpire a point-of-care (POC) test using a biosensor for CVDs that will be fast and pragmatic for immediate use in acute and resource-constrained environments. Traditional techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, although very precise, are time-consuming, labor intensive, and not suitable for use in urgent care; however, optical nano biosensors provide rapid, highly selective, and sensitive detection capabilities. The optical nano biosensors produce biological signals that convey light signals as analytes interact with bioreceptors. Optical nano biosensors offer various benefits, including effortless monitoring, inexpensiveness, a broad detection spectrum, and excellent sensitivity with no interference. An optical nano biosensor platform represents an effective method for point-of-care detection of cardiac biomarkers, characterized by a low detection limit. To propose a realistic reference, this study assesses a prompt POC test, which identifies important cardiac biomarkers, such as cardiac troponins (cTnI), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-reactive protein (CRP), which together provide an all-encompassing confinement of myocardial injury, cardiac stress, and inflammation. Subsequently, the test was performed using a random patient population; the accuracy of the test was established to be high in terms of both sensitivity (95.2% for cTnI, 91.8% for BNP, and 89% for CRP) and specificity and had a close correlation with laboratory tests. It provided results in 15 min, which makes it effectively useful when used in emergency and primary care, where quick decisions are required to be taken. The low cost and rapidity of the test increase its applicability notably; this multiplexing allows clinicians to identify individuals at high risk for different CVD events. This work highlights the possibility of incorporating biosensor technology into diagnostic systems at the POC level to enhance patient prognosis by facilitating early interventions and establishes a basis for improving biomarker detection.

Circular infographic titled "Cardiac Biomarkers" showing three segments. CRP in red represents C-reactive protein, a marker for inflammation with 89% detection. cTnI in yellow denotes cardiac troponin I, indicating myocardial damage with 95.2% detection. BNP in orange shows B-type natriuretic peptide, a marker of cardiac stress with 91.8% detection. Each section is color-coded and paired with an icon and short descriptive text.