# From Crisis Response to Lasting Transformation: Five-Year Insights from the Implementation of Telemedicine in Neurosurgical Care During COVID-19

## TL;DR

This study examines how a Madrid hospital quickly adopted telemedicine for neurosurgery during the pandemic and how it evolved into a lasting part of their care model.

## Contribution

The paper provides a five-year longitudinal analysis of telemedicine adoption in neurosurgical care during and after the pandemic in Spain.

## Key findings

- Teleconsultations reached over 70% of visits in May 2020, with no missed appointments and preserved follow-up adherence.
- Telemedicine was associated with delayed follow-up and lower surgical indications but maintained clinical continuity and safety.
- Hybrid telemedicine models became permanently integrated into routine neurosurgical practice five years post-pandemic.

## Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted healthcare systems worldwide, compelling rapid adaptation of clinical workflows and accelerating the integration of telemedicine. Objective: This study evaluates the implementation of telemedicine in neurosurgical outpatient care at a tertiary referral hospital in Madrid during the first epidemic wave (March–May 2020) and explores its long-term significance five years later. Methods: A retrospective observational analysis including 5175 neurosurgical outpatient consultations was conducted, comparing the first epidemic wave of COVID-19 (2070 teleconsultations) with the equivalent period in 2019 (3105 in-person visits). Demographic, clinical, and procedural data were analyzed, including six-month follow-up outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with teleconsultation use and follow-up delay. Results: The total number of consultations decreased by 33% compared to the pre-pandemic year. In May 2020, teleconsultations represented more than 70% of all visits. Continuity of care was preserved (follow-up adherence >80%), and missed appointments declined to zero. Cranial and oncological pathologies were prioritized, while degenerative and benign cases were largely deferred. Teleconsultation independently predicted delayed six-month follow-up (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.8, p = 0.002) and a lower likelihood of surgical indication (aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.7, p = 0.004). Despite these differences, remote care ensured accessibility, safety, and clinical continuity under extreme healthcare system strain. Five years perspective: In addition to these early outcomes, the study describes the sustained integration of telemedicine during the subsequent five years, illustrating how this model became permanently embedded in routine neurosurgical practice in this center. Conclusions: This study represents one of the earliest structured telemedicine experiences in Spanish neurosurgery. The rapid adaptation of the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón ensured care continuity during the pandemic and catalyzed the lasting adoption of hybrid models that enhance accessibility, safety, efficiency, and healthcare system resilience.