# The G Allele and GG Genotype of the Junctional Cadherin 5 Associated (JCAD) Is a Biomarker Predicting Myocardial Infarction in Slovenian Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

## TL;DR

This study explores whether a genetic variant in the JCAD gene predicts heart attacks in Slovenian patients with type 2 diabetes.

## Contribution

The study identifies a potential genetic biomarker (JCAD rs3739998 G allele/GG genotype) for myocardial infarction in a Slovenian T2DM population.

## Key findings

- The GG genotype of JCAD rs3739998 was more common in MI cases but not significant after adjusting for confounders.
- The G allele showed a nominal association with MI in unadjusted analysis.
- No significant link was found between the JCAD variant and coronary artery disease burden or calcium scores.

## Abstract

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a two- to fourfold higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI), yet genetic determinants of this excess risk remain incompletely defined. The JCAD (junctional cadherin 5 associated; formerly KIAA1462) locus has been implicated in coronary artery disease through genome-wide association studies, but data in diabetic populations are scarce. Objectives: To assess whether the rs3739998 polymorphism of JCAD is associated with MI in Slovenian subjects with T2DM and to explore its relationship with coronary disease burden and coronary artery calcium (CAC). Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional association study of 1471 Slovenian subjects with T2DM: 387 with prior MI and 1084 without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease. Genotyping for JCAD rs3739998 was performed using a fluorescence-based competitive allele-specific PCR (KASPar). A coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) substudy (n = 146) evaluated the number of diseased coronary arteries, stenosis severity, and CAC score. Results: The GG genotype was more frequently observed in MI cases compared to controls in unadjusted analysis (OR 1.37; p = 0.05) but association was lost with adjustment for confounders (GG vs. CC, aOR 1.63, p = 0.09). The G allele was also more prevalent among cases (OR 1.18; p = 0.05, unadjusted analysis). In the CCTA substudy, no significant associations were observed between rs3739998 and the number of diseased vessels, stenosis grade, or CAC. Conclusions: In a Slovenian T2DM cohort, the JCAD rs3739998 G allele and GG genotype showed a nominal association with prior MI that did not persist after multivariable adjustment. There was no clear relationship with anatomic disease burden or CAC, underscoring the need for replication in larger cohorts and functional studies to clarify the mechanism and clinical utility.