# Testicular Torsion in Inguinal Cryptorchidism: Report on Two Patients and Literature Review

## TL;DR

This paper reports two cases of testicular torsion in infants with undescended testes and highlights the importance of early diagnosis to prevent testicular loss.

## Contribution

The study emphasizes the rare but serious co-occurrence of testicular torsion and undescended testis in infants, advocating for urgent clinical awareness.

## Key findings

- Two infants with undescended testes experienced testicular torsion, leading to orchiectomy due to delayed diagnosis.
- Literature review found 36 similar cases, with high rates of orchiectomy due to delayed presentation.
- Early intervention within 6 hours of symptom onset is critical to prevent testicular necrosis.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Undescended testis (UT) is a common congenital urological condition in boys, with an incidence of 2–8%. Orchiopexy is the recommended surgical treatment for UT, ideally performed before 12 months of age, with a latest window of 18 months. Testicular torsion (TT) is a pediatric urological emergency, occurring in 3.8 per 100,000 boys. While both UT and TT are common conditions individually, their co-occurrence in children under 18 months is rare and represents a challenging clinical scenario, especially when diagnosis and treatment are delayed, increasing the risk of testicular necrosis. Methods: This report describes two cases of testicular torsion in undescended testes in infants under 1 year of age. Both patients were presented to the hospital more than 24 h after symptom onset. Such delay led to the possibility of testicular salvage being lost due to necrosis. The first case involved a 10-month-old infant with bilateral undescended testis, who underwent orchiectomy after 36 h of torsion. The second case involved a 7-month-old baby, where a delayed diagnosis led to orchiectomy following 36 h of torsion. Both children were previously on the waiting list for orchiopexy, and in both cases contralateral orchiopexy was performed. A review of the literature on PubMed using the key-words “cryptorchid”, “undescended testis”, and “testicular torsion” revealed 36 cases of UT complicated by TT in children under 18 months, showing a high incidence of orchiectomies due to delayed diagnosis. Conclusions: Testicular torsion in undescended testis in children under 18 months is rare but associated with a high risk of gonadal necrosis. The key to improving testicular salvage rates is timely diagnosis and intervention, ideally within 6 h of symptom onset. Delayed presentation due to atypical clinical signs, such as inguinal swelling or nonspecific symptoms, complicates early detection and thus testicular salvage. Therefore, it is crucial for both parents and pediatricians to recognize the potential for torsion in cryptorchidic patients, emphasizing the importance of early surgical intervention, including orchiopexy, to prevent torsion and its associated complications.