Toxic Shock Syndrome in a 45-Year-Old Woman Possibly Associated with Tampon Use: A Case Report of Multiorgan Failure Due to Streptococcus agalactiae

TL;DR

A 45-year-old woman developed toxic shock syndrome possibly linked to tampon use, caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, leading to multiorgan failure and requiring intensive care.

Contribution

This case report highlights Streptococcus agalactiae as a rare but possible cause of toxic shock syndrome associated with tampon use.

Findings

The patient's TSS was caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, not the more commonly associated Staphylococcus aureus.

Prompt antibiotic treatment and intensive care led to full recovery despite severe multiorgan failure.

The case underscores the importance of considering GBS in TSS diagnosis among tampon users.

Abstract

Background: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but potentially fatal condition most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. However, other streptococcal species, including Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus (GBS)), can also cause TSS, sometimes leading to severe complications, such as multiorgan failure. Case Description: We report the case of a 45-year-old woman who developed TSS associated with tampon use. She presented with fever, chills, hypotension, and leg pain, progressing rapidly to septic shock and multiorgan failure. Blood and urine cultures revealed S. agalactiae group B, while a gynecological examination identified Ureaplasma urealyticum and S. agalactiae. Imaging demonstrated bilateral pneumonic infiltrates and pleural effusion. The patient required intensive care, vasopressor support, and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, leading to full clinical recovery. Discussion: Despite advances in tampon design, menstrual TSS remains a significant clinical concern. Early symptoms may be nonspecific, but rapid progression highlights the need for timely recognition and intervention. Although S. agalactiae is an uncommon cause of TSS, it should be considered in relevant clinical scenarios. Prompt empirical antibiotic therapy, followed by targeted treatment based on culture results, along with supportive intensive care, is essential to improve outcomes. Conclusions: Menstrual TSS continues to pose a serious health risk. Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in tampon users presenting with fever, rash, and shock. Early diagnosis and rapid initiation of appropriate therapy are crucial to reducing morbidity and mortality.

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