# An Investigation of the Modulating Effects of Sensory Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Memory-Related Brain Activity

## TL;DR

This study explores how brain stimulation and sensory techniques affect memory-related brain activity, finding increased gamma activity but no memory improvement.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is identifying increased gamma activity and theta-gamma coupling from specific stimulation methods, suggesting potential neural engagement for memory.

## Key findings

- TBS and rTMS + AVS significantly increased gamma (40 Hz) activity compared to sham rTMS.
- TBS induced widespread theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling during picture viewing.
- No significant differences in memory performance or theta activity were observed across conditions.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: As the global population ages, the prevalence of disorders associated with memory dysfunction (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) continues to increase. There is a need for novel interventions that can enhance memory and support affected individuals. Non-invasive brain stimulation provides a promising approach to engage circuits within the hippocampal network, a group of brain regions critical for episodic memory, and thereby improve cognition. Methods: Twenty healthy participants completed a single-blind, within-subject crossover study over four sessions. In each session, they received one of four interventions whilst viewing pictures of real-world objects: 40 Hz synchronised audiovisual stimulation (AVS), theta burst stimulation (TBS), a combination of synchronised 5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with AVS (rTMS + AVS), or sham rTMS. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded to measure associated brain activity changes. Following each intervention, participants completed a recognition memory task. Results: Mixed-effect repeated measure models (MRMMs) revealed no significant differences in recognition memory performance or theta (5 Hz) activity across conditions. However, both TBS and rTMS + AVS significantly increased gamma (40 Hz) activity compared to sham rTMS, and TBS induced a widespread increase in theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling during picture viewing. Conclusions: While the neuromodulatory interventions did not enhance memory performance, the observed increase in gamma activity, particularly following rTMS-based stimulation, suggests potential engagement of neural processes associated with memory. These findings warrant further investigation into the role of gamma oscillations in memory and cognitive enhancement.