Prevalence and associated factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in children: a cross-sectional study

Selin Sena Yılmaz; İlhan Uzel; Fahinur Ertuğrul; Şule Gökçe; Emine Burçe Dörtkardeşler; Güneş Ak

PMC · DOI:10.1186/s12903-025-07071-2·November 25, 2025

Prevalence and associated factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in children: a cross-sectional study

Selin Sena Yılmaz, İlhan Uzel, Fahinur Ertuğrul, Şule Gökçe, Emine Burçe Dörtkardeşler, Güneş Ak

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TL;DR

This study finds that a dental condition called MIH in children is linked to factors like socioeconomic status, antibiotic use, and breastfeeding duration.

Contribution

The study identifies new associations between MIH and factors such as maternal employment, birth weight, and exclusive breastfeeding.

Findings

01

MIH prevalence was 12% with 76% of cases showing severe defects.

02

Exclusive breastfeeding duration was longer in children without MIH.

03

Risk factors included socioeconomic status, antibiotic use, and respiratory infections.

Abstract

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative enamel defect affecting first permanent molars often involving incisors. It presents clinical challenges including hypersensitivity, rapid caries, and restorative difficulties. Though its etiology is unclear, systemic and environmental factors have been implicated. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of MIH and to assess the risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 6–12 years in İzmir, Türkiye. Among 700 children examined, 50 diagnosed with MIH were included in the case group, while 50 healthy children formed the control group. Parental interviews assessed sociodemographic, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal factor. Biochemical parameters were analyzed appropriate statistical tests. MIH prevalence was 12% and 76% had severe defects (MIH-2), and 24% had mild opacities…

Linked entities

Genes, proteins, chemicals, diseases, species, mutations and cell lines named across the full text — each resolved to its canonical identifier and authoritative record.

Genes5

IGHE PTH CASP4 ALPP TGFBR1

Proteins5

Species3

Homo sapiens(human · species)Meleagris gallopavo(common turkey · species)Canis lupus familiaris(dog · subspecies)

Cell lines1

MIH-2— Homo sapiens (Human) · Colon carcinoma · Cancer cell line

Chemicals8

vitamin D urea creatinine Iron phosphorus calcium Vitamin B12 fluoride

Diseases60

fever chronic kidney disease masticatory dysfunction chronic renal failure Prematurity pharyngitis chickenpox otitis allergic enamel hypoplasia tonsillitis pneumonia MIH scarlet fever diarrhea inflammatory bone marrow inflammation metabolic disorders gastroenteritis hand and foot mouth disease intellectual disability systemic diseases cardiac disease vitamin and mineral deficiencies allergic rhinitis atopic dermatitis premature birth gastrointestinal disorders Urine Tract Infection Respiratory diseases monocytosis rubella diseases AGE malnourished food allergies amelogenesis imperfecta trauma bronchitis vitamin D deficiency sepsis urinary infections Intellectuel Disability ID Acute Gastroenteritis febrile conditions measles developmental enamel defects dental anomalies asthma otitis media caries TIBC atopic atopic diseases infection obese dermatitis neonatal jaundice digestive system diseases underweight

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Taxonomy

TopicsBone and Dental Protein Studies · dental development and anomalies · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies