# Intracellular IL-24 ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by restoring the autophagy-lysosome pathway

## TL;DR

This study shows that IL-24 helps treat liver disease by improving autophagy and reducing fat buildup in the liver.

## Contribution

IL-24 is identified as a novel regulator of autophagy in MASH through the IL-22R1/IL-20R2 receptor complex.

## Key findings

- IL-24 improves liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance in MASH mice.
- IL-24 activates AMPK, suppresses mTOR, and enhances TFEB nuclear translocation to restore autophagy.
- Multi-omics analysis links IL-24 to increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced glucose metabolism.

## Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is associated with impaired hepatic autophagy, but its key regulators remain unclear. This study delineates IL-24 as a regulator of autophagy in MASH.

IL-24 was identified via bioinformatics in patient datasets and validated in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patient sera. A high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) induced MASH in mice, with IL-24 overexpression via adeno-associated virus. Functional assessments were performed both in vivo and in primary hepatocytes using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, immunofluorescence, dual-fluorescence autophagic flux tracking, and multi-omics analyses.

MASLD patients and animal models showed significantly lower IL-24 expression, with levels inversely related to disease severity. IL-24 intervention improved liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance in MASH mice. Mechanistically, IL-24 mediates hepatocyte autophagy and alleviates lipid accumulation through the IL-22R1/IL-20R2 receptor complex. It activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), suppressed mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), enhanced transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear translocation (as evidenced by reduced microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3-II/sequestosome 1), restored autophagy-lysosome function, and increased lipid degradation. Multi-omics analysis indicated increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased glucose metabolism. Notably, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed significant association of differential metabolites with autophagy-related pathways, corroborating findings from transcriptomics and the AMPK/mTOR/TFEB regulatory axis.

IL-24 preferentially utilizes the IL-22R1/IL-20R2 receptor complex to modulate the AMPK/mTOR/TFEB axis, thereby inducing autophagic-lysosomal activation, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, and ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation in MASH. These findings highlight IL-24 as a novel therapeutic target for MASH.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00018-025-05940-1.