# Investigation of the impact of brewing parameters on toxic element and rare earth element contamination in oolong tea

## TL;DR

This study examines how brewing conditions affect the release of toxic and rare earth elements in oolong tea, finding that higher temperatures and longer brewing times increase contamination.

## Contribution

The study systematically evaluates how brewing parameters influence the leaching of toxic and rare earth elements in oolong tea, providing actionable consumer guidance.

## Key findings

- High temperature and long brewing time significantly increase the leaching of most toxic and rare earth elements.
- Tieguanyin tea had the highest levels of Pb, Al, and REEs, with samples from Fujian exceeding safety standards.
- Cd leaching was lower at 100°C than at 90°C, while scandium release increased with higher temperatures.

## Abstract

With the growing consumption of oolong tea, concerns regarding the leaching of toxic elements and rare earth elements (REEs) during brewing necessitate investigation.

We analyzed 108 oolong teas of diverse origins and varieties. The concentrations of six toxic elements (including Pb, Cd, Al) and fifteen REEs were measured by ICP-MS. The effects of water temperature (90°C, 100°C) and brewing time (5 seconds to 2 hours) on leaching rates were systematically examined.

High temperature and long brewing time significantly increased (P<0.05) the leaching of most elements. Tieguanyin tea contained the highest levels of Pb, Al, and REEs. Samples from Fujian province significantly exceeded safety standards for Pb and Al. Anomalously, the leaching rate of Cd was lower at 100°C than at 90°C, while the release of scandium (Sc) increased with temperature.

This study reveals that brewing conditions are critical for elemental migration. To minimize the intake of harmful substances, consumers are advised to shorten the brewing time. We also call for strengthened regulatory standards for toxic elements and REEs in tea. These findings provide a scientific basis for guiding safe tea consumption practices.