# ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 Drives Mitochondrial Energy Metabolic Reprogramming to Promote HCC Vasculogenic Mimicry via the ESR1/miR-20a-3p/GNAZ Pathway

## TL;DR

This study shows how ATPase inhibitory factor 1 promotes liver cancer metastasis through a new pathway involving mitochondrial energy changes and gene regulation.

## Contribution

The study identifies a novel IF1/ESR1/miR-20a-3p/GNAZ pathway driving vasculogenic mimicry in hepatocellular carcinoma.

## Key findings

- IF1 promotes HCC cell tube formation and enhances vasculogenic mimicry and lung metastasis.
- IF1 knockdown increases miR-20a-3p expression, which is reversed by miR-20a-3p overexpression.
- IF1-induced mitochondrial changes inhibit ESR1 expression through DNA methylation.

## Abstract

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a microcirculation pattern that has a crucial effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis. In this study, leveraging the GeneCard and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases, we identified ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) as a potential regulator of VM formation. Our research findings indicate that IF1 can promote HCC cell tube formation in vitro and enhance HCC VM and lung metastasis in vivo. Transcriptome sequencing combined with in vivo experiments revealed that IF1 knockdown elevates miR-20a-3p expression. Lentivirus-mediated miR-20a-3p overexpression reversed IF1-induced VM. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays showed that estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) acts as a transcription factor of the miR-20a-3p precursor. Further mechanistic studies revealed that excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation caused by IF1-induced mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming can inhibit ESR1 expression by promoting DNA methylation of its promoter. G protein subunit alpha Z (GNAZ), a miR-20a-3p target protein, can promote VM by phosphorylating components of the ERK pathway. Collectively, these results delineate a novel IF1/ESR1/miR-20a-3p/GNAZ axis in HCC VM and metastasis, providing potential therapeutic targets.