Dissecting the Mechanisms Underlying Substrate Recognition and Functional Regulation of O‑GlcNAc Cycling Enzymes

TL;DR

This paper explores how O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes recognize substrates and are regulated, focusing on structural features and non-catalytic domains.

Contribution

The paper highlights recent discoveries about non-catalytic domains in OGT and OGA and their roles in enzyme function and regulation.

Findings

Non-catalytic regions like OGT's TPR and Int-D domains are critical for enzyme function.

OGA's stalk and pHAT domains contribute to functional regulation.

Structural flexibility and unique features underlie substrate recognition and regulation.

Abstract

Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
(O-GlcNAc)
modification, known as O-GlcNAcylation, is an essential post-translational
modification (PTM) that plays critical roles in regulating various
cellular processes, ranging from transcription and signal transduction
to protein degradation. O-GlcNAcylation levels are dynamically regulated
by a single pair of human enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and
O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated
in many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and
cardiovascular disorders. In the past decade, remarkable progress
has been achieved regarding the structures of OGT and OGA proteins,
as well as a series of innovative chemical and engineered tools that
inhibit or induce the activities of these enzymes. While initial studies
mainly focused on the catalytic domains of these enzymes, recent research
has begun to uncover the structural and functional roles of non-catalytic
regions. Notably, domains such as OGT’s tetratricopeptide repeat
(TPR) and intervening domain (Int-D), as well as OGA’s stalk
domain and pseudo histone acetyltransferase (pHAT) domain, have emerged
as critical contributors to enzyme functions. This Account discusses
recent progress in studying these essential enzymes, especially highlighting
their unique structural features and intrinsic flexibility as potential
mechanisms underlying their substrate recognition and functional regulation.
New perspectives and research directions are also discussed. Such
information is expected to facilitate the rational design of novel
modulators of OGT and OGA to enable more specific functional control
and potential treatment of disease.

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