# Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy in Ghana

## TL;DR

This study found that 81% of pregnant women in Ghana suffer from iron deficiency anemia, with risk factors including unemployment and lack of malaria prophylaxis.

## Contribution

The study identifies context-specific risk factors for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy in Ghana.

## Key findings

- The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women was 81.0%.
- Unemployed women were 3.55 times more likely to be anemic than farmers.
- Women not taking malaria prophylaxis were more likely to be anemic.

## Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is highly prevalent in Ghana. Yet, knowledge of context‐specific risk factors remains limited. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of IDA among 394 pregnant women (aged 15–49 years) attending antenatal care at Ejura Municipal Hospital. A cross‐sectional design guided by Engel's biopsychosocial model was employed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and IDA status was determined via hemoglobin (Hb) levels or a full blood count, following the WHO definition of anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL). Overall and subgroup prevalence were estimated, and risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression. Participants' ages ranged from 15 to 46 years, with a mean of 29 years. About 46.5% were 30 years or older, 67.0% resided in Hiawoanwu and Mpaebo, and 48.7% were Ewe or Sisala. The prevalence of IDA was 81.0%, indicating a high burden. Unemployed women were 3.55 times more likely to be anemic than farmers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.41–8.91, p = 0.01), and women not taking malaria prophylaxis were more likely to be anemic than those who did (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19–4.04, p = 0.01), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, and residence. The study identified both established and context‐specific risk factors, highlighting the need to revise educational guidelines, implement skills training, and replicate research in other settings. The high prevalence of IDA underscores its significance as a critical public health issue.

Key findings: The study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnancy. A prevalence of 81.0% was reported, based on full blood count or hemoglobin levels, indicating a high burden of IDA in the study setting. Identified risk factors included unemployment, age, diet and malaria prophylaxis. Conclusion: The study findings underscore the urgency of introducing guidelines capable of curbing this burden.