# Honeybees show an increased preference for dietary alcohol when parasitized

## TL;DR

Honeybees infected with a gut parasite prefer food with alcohol, which may help them survive.

## Contribution

This study shows that infected honeybees increase ethanol consumption, possibly as a form of self-medication.

## Key findings

- Infected honeybees consumed more ethanol-spiked food than uninfected ones.
- A 1% ethanol diet reduced mortality in infected bees compared to controls.
- Ethanol intake did not affect the number of Nosema spores in bees.

## Abstract

Parasitic infections often alter host behavior, including foraging and the consumption of bioactive substances. In honeybees (Apis mellifera), infection with the common gut parasite Nosema ceranae causes metabolic disruption and increased mortality. Ethanol is a naturally occurring bioactive compound found in nectar, and honeybees exhibit high tolerance and resilience to chronic exposure. However, whether honeybees actively use ethanol during infection remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether N. ceranae-infected honeybees alter their ethanol consumption. In a feeding experiment, infected and uninfected honeybees were given a choice between plain sucrose solution and ethanol-spiked food (0.5% or 1% ethanol). We measured food consumption, survival, and spore load. Although overall food intake did not differ between groups, infected honeybees consumed a significantly higher proportion of ethanol-spiked food. Survival analysis showed that a diet containing 1% ethanol caused higher mortality than a diet containing 0.5% ethanol; however, among honeybees on a 1% ethanol diet, this negative effect was less pronounced in infected individuals than in controls. Spore load did not differ between treatments. These results suggest that N. ceranae infection induces a shift in feeding behavior toward increased ethanol intake, which may benefit infected honeybees by reducing mortality. This may reflect a self-medication response, although alternative explanations remain possible. Further research into ethanol's effects on Nosema spores is needed. Nonetheless, our findings provide insights into honeybee interactions with bioactive compounds and suggest that ethanol may be a behaviorally relevant dietary substance.

When animals become infected, they may use bioactive substances from their environment and adjust their diet to cope with disease. We investigated whether ethanol - a compound naturally occurring in nectar - plays such a role in honeybees, the world's key pollinators. We found that infected bees increased their ethanol intake, which was associated with improved survival. These results suggest that ethanol may have a behaviorally relevant function, potentially indicating self-medication in honeybees.