# Photonic fully-connected hybrid beamforming using microring weight banks

## TL;DR

The paper introduces a low-power, compact optical beamforming system using microring resonators for high-frequency wireless communication.

## Contribution

A novel photonic beamforming system using tunable microring resonators is proposed and experimentally demonstrated.

## Key findings

- Microring resonator-based photonic vector modulators achieved an RMS phase error of better than 2°.
- The system demonstrated an amplitude error of 0.3 dB.
- The approach enables compact and large-scale hybrid beamformers for high-frequency wireless communication.

## Abstract

Wireless communication at higher frequency bands has attracted research interest for fifth generation and beyond (5GB) wireless networks due to the large amount of unused bandwidth at these frequencies. However, there are substantial challenges associated with higher frequency bands due to the high path loss of the propagation environment and the high power consumption of the transceivers. Hybrid beamforming with massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has emerged as a solution to these problems by combining the performance and flexibility of digital beamforming with the energy efficiency of analog beamforming. Optical beamforming has recently been considered as an alternative to implement the analog component of a hybrid beamformer, which may offer improvements in size, weight and power consumption in comparison to conventional electronics. This paper proposes a new approach to implement an optical beamforming system based on photonic vector modulators using tunable photonic filters. Our experimental demonstration of the proposed optical beamformer shows that microring resonator (MRR)-based photonic vector modulators can be calibrated to achieve a root-mean-square (RMS) phase error of better than 2° and an amplitude error of 0.3 dB. Our findings identify a pathway to realize large-scale, fully-connected hybrid beamformers by leveraging compact and low loss photonic resonators.

Low-power beamforming technologies are required for wireless links at high radio frequencies. Mitchell Nichols and colleagues report an optical microring beamformer with low area and power consumption, enabling compact and large-scale antenna arrays.