# Neonatal management of parvovirus B19-induced hydrops fetalis: a case report

## TL;DR

A preterm newborn with severe parvovirus B19-induced hydrops fetalis was successfully treated with peritoneal dialysis after failing conventional therapies.

## Contribution

This case report introduces peritoneal dialysis as a potential rescue therapy for neonates with refractory edema due to B19V-induced hydrops fetalis.

## Key findings

- Peritoneal dialysis improved refractory edema and renal function in a neonate with B19V-induced hydrops fetalis.
- The neonate achieved appropriate neurodevelopmental milestones at 12 months of corrected age.
- Peritoneal dialysis may serve as a rescue strategy when conservative therapies fail in B19V-related neonatal hydrops.

## Abstract

Hydrops fetalis (HF) is a severe fetal condition, and congenital Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is a leading cause of the non-immune form (NIHF). The recent European B19V outbreak has had a substantial impact on obstetric and neonatal outcomes, leading to an increase in fetal anemia, NIHF, spontaneous abortions, and intrauterine demise. While prenatal diagnosis and intrauterine interventions are well established, postnatal management of B19V-related NIHF remains challenging and outcomes are often poor.

We report a preterm newborn with B19V-associated NIHF following intrauterine transfusions for severe fetal anemia. At birth, the neonate had generalized edema, ascites, and respiratory compromise. Despite aggressive medical management, the patient developed persistent, refractory edema.

Given the failure of conservative therapy, peritoneal dialysis (PD) was initiated as a rescue strategy. PD allowed gradual interstitial fluid removal, microcirculatory recovery, and functional “renal rest” after prolonged pharmacologic stress.

The neonate progressively improved, with resolution of edema, normalization of renal function, and successful respiratory weaning. At 12 months of corrected age (CA), neurodevelopmental milestones were appropriate, although ongoing long-term surveillance is warranted.

This case contributes to the limited evidence on postnatal management of B19V-related NIHF. PD may be considered in neonates with persistent, refractory edema despite maximal conventional therapy, with careful individualization of treatment. Further research, including multicenter registries and controlled studies, is needed to define its role within standardized neonatal care protocols.