# Genome architecture evolution in an invasive copepod species complex

## TL;DR

This study explores how chromosomal fusions in invasive copepod species may drive adaptation to changing environments.

## Contribution

The study provides empirical evidence that chromosomal fusions influence adaptive evolution in copepod species.

## Key findings

- Genomes show expansions of ion transport-related genes linked to environmental salinity adaptation.
- Chromosomal fusions in two species join ion transport genes near centromeres with low recombination.
- Ancient fusion sites in E. carolleeae show signs of ongoing selection between saline and freshwater populations.

## Abstract

Chromosomal fusions are hypothesized to facilitate evolutionary adaptation, but empirical evidence has been scarce. Here, we analyze chromosome-level genome sequences of three sibling species within the copepod Eurytemora affinis species complex, known for its remarkable ability to rapidly colonize new habitats. Genomes of this species complex show expansions of ion transport-related gene families, likely related to adaptation to various environmental salinities. Among three genetically distinct sibling species, we discover notable patterns of chromosomal evolution, with chromosomal fusions observed in two different sibling species. As a result of these chromosomal fusions, functionally linked ion transport-related genes located near the telomeres become joined near the newly formed centromeres, where recombination is low. Notably, for the highly invasive E. carolleeae and to a lesser extent for E. gulfia, the ancient chromosomal fusion sites, especially the centromeres, are significantly enriched with contemporary signatures of selection between saline and freshwater populations. This study uncovers intriguing patterns of genome architecture evolution with potentially important implications for mechanisms of adaptive evolution in response to rapid environmental change.

Chromosomal fusions are hypothesized to promote adaptation, but direct evidence has been scarce. By analyzing chromosome-level genomes of three invasive copepod sibling species, this study shows that ancient fusions reshaped genome architecture and continue to impact contemporary selection responses.