# Intraplate deformation of Gondwana terranes and implications for the Wilson Cycle

## TL;DR

This study explores how intraplate deformation in ancient cratons and orogens affects the Wilson Cycle, showing that tectonic activity within stable regions can alter or sustain the cycle.

## Contribution

The paper introduces new insights into intraplate deformation's role in the Wilson Cycle by analyzing cratons and orogens in Gondwana regions.

## Key findings

- Some cratons show unexpected exhumation due to extensional tectonics.
- The Brasília Orogen became resistant to post-Gondwana deformation.
- The Araçuaí Orogen experienced intense reactivation and renewed tectonic activity.

## Abstract

The Wilson Cycle, a cornerstone of plate tectonic theory, describes the cyclical evolution of ocean basins from rifting and spreading to closure via subduction and continental collision and assembly. While pivotal for understanding plate boundary processes, it remains limited in addressing intraplate deformation. This study revisits the Wilson Cycle by investigating intraplate deformation and mechanisms of tectonic stress partitioning in (Pre)Cambrian cratons and different orogen types in Southeast Brazil, Southeast Colombia, and Peninsular India. We focus on cratonic areas (Amazon, São Francisco and Dharwar Cratons) that are traditionally considered stable since their incorporation in Gondwana and its subsequent disintegration. We also consider some of the fringing orogens or mobile belts (Brasília and Araçuaí Orogens). Using apatite fission-track thermochronology, we analyze the timing, magnitude, and drivers of deformation and show significant variability in tectonic responses. Some cratons (Amazon and Dharwar) demonstrate unexpected exhumation driven by extensional tectonics, while others (São Francisco Craton) exhibit only localized reactivations and remain largely stable. Similarly, orogens follow distinct evolutionary paths: e.g. the Brasília Orogen became resistant to post-Gondwana deformation, effectively stagnating the Wilson Cycle, while the Araçuaí Orogen experienced intense reactivation and renewed tectonic activity. These examples give new insights into the traditional Wilson Cycle, demonstrating that intraplate deformation plays a critical role in sustaining or altering the cycle, implying the traditional concept is in need of significant revision.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-27764-6.