# Advances in artificial vision systems: a comprehensive review of technologies, applications, and future directions

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent developments in artificial vision systems, focusing on technologies to restore sight for people with retinal diseases.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of current and emerging artificial vision technologies and their clinical and engineering challenges.

## Key findings

- Epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal implants are among the key approaches for artificial vision restoration.
- Technological challenges include improving resolution, reducing electrical stimulation spread, and ensuring long-term device functionality.
- Flexible materials and 3D electrode designs are promising for enhancing implant performance and longevity.

## Abstract

This review article focuses on recent advancements and persistent challenges in artificial vision prostheses designed to restore sight for patients affected by retinal diseases. It comprehensively examines various approaches, including epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal implants, as well as optic nerve and visual cortex stimulation strategies. The critical role of the retina in visual perception is explored, emphasizing how retinal degeneration affects the transmission of visual information and how artificial devices aim to replicate this function. The review also discusses the technological complexities of artificial retina development, particularly challenges associated with enhancing resolution, minimizing the spread of electrical stimulation, and achieving reliable long-term device functionality within the biological environment. Practical clinical outcomes, such as surgical feasibility, device durability, and biocompatibility, are analyzed in light of these innovations. Furthermore, emerging trends are highlighted, including the adoption of flexible materials, photovoltaic structures, and 3D electrode architectures to improve the performance and longevity of implants. Ultimately, future advancements in artificial vision systems will depend on integrated approaches that combine cutting-edge engineering with a deep understanding of biological systems to achieve meaningful and lasting visual restoration.