# Drug-induced headache reports: a comprehensive disproportionality and time-to-onset pharmacovigilance study using the FAERS database (2018–2024)

## TL;DR

This study uses a large database to find drugs most commonly linked to headaches as side effects, highlighting the need for better monitoring.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into drug-induced headaches using FAERS data and identifies specific drugs and classes with high headache risk.

## Key findings

- Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, and eptinezumab-jjmr showed the highest headache risk based on ROR.
- Calcium homeostasis agents and systemic antivirals were the therapeutic classes most strongly associated with headaches.
- Early-onset headaches were linked to ofatumumab and fingolimod, while late-onset headaches were associated with treprostinil and infliximab-dyyb.

## Abstract

Headache is a common adverse drug reaction (ADR) across diverse therapeutic classes, yet systematic evaluations of drug-associated headaches in real-world settings are limited. This study aimed to explore the association between various medications and the reporting of headache as an ADR using the FDA-Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).

We conducted a retrospective disproportionality analysis using FAERS data from Q1-2018 to Q4-2024. Duplicate reports were removed per FDA guidelines. Reports with headache as an adverse event and drugs classified as Primary Suspect were included. Disproportionality metrics — Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR)—were calculated to identify signals. Drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical(ATC) classification system, and time-to-onset analyses were performed.

A total of 313,166 headache-associated cases were identified. Females (66.66%) and patients aged 51–65 years (21.35%) were most commonly affected. The drugs with the highest headache risk based on ROR included glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (ROR = 10.445), sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (ROR = 9.729), and eptinezumab-jjmr (ROR = 6.775). Top frequently reported drugs were apremilast, treprostinil, and adalimumab. Calcium homeostasis agents (ROR = 6.268) and systemic antivirals (ROR = 4.259) emerged as the ATC classes with the highest headache signal strength. Early-onset headaches (≤7days) were particularly associated with ofatumumab and fingolimod. Late-onset headaches (>90days) were linked to treprostinil and infliximab-dyyb.

This large-scale pharmacovigilance study identifies multiple drugs and therapeutic classes with significant associations to headache as an ADR. These findings highlight the need for proactive headache monitoring, particularly during early treatment phases, and warrant further prospective investigations to understand mechanisms and preventive strategies.