# AI-powered precision in dental radiographic analysis using tailored CNNs for tooth numbering and cavity detection

## TL;DR

An AI system accurately numbers teeth and detects cavities in dental X-rays, improving diagnostic accuracy and reducing human error.

## Contribution

A specialized CNN-based system for dental radiography achieves high precision in tooth numbering and cavity detection using real-world annotated data.

## Key findings

- The system achieved 0.98 precision and 0.98 recall for tooth numbering in dental X-rays.
- For cavity detection, the system reached 0.96 precision and 0.91 recall.
- The model demonstrated high accuracy (0.998) and specificity (0.999) in tooth numbering tasks.

## Abstract

In the healthcare domain, images play a pivotal role in clinical diagnoses, treatment planning, surgical procedures, and epidemiological insights. Nevertheless, challenges such as limited experience among healthcare professionals, risk of misdiagnosis and subjective interpretation, and factors like stress and fatigue may jeopardize the precision with which patients are assessed. In this regard, professionals in the field of Dentistry face analogous challenges given that distinguishing anatomical structures in dental imaging requires expert interpretation and precise analysis. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) offer promising opportunities to analyze images during patient care and can enhance diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making, benefiting both patients and healthcare providers. Here, we aimed to develop a specialized analyzer for digital dental radiography, that focuses on numbering teeth and detecting tooth cavities. The system is designed to achieve high precision, recall, accuracy, specificity, and F1-score, to ensure that diagnosis is reliable and accurate. In this study, we specifically explore Inception-v3 and InceptionResNet-v2 to discern cavitated teeth and tooth positions in dental panoramic radiographic images (PANs). On the basis of 935 PANs sourced from routine patient care, annotated by dentists at the Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto in Brazil, our approach achieved precision of 0.98, recall of 0.98, accuracy of 0.998, specificity of 0.999 and F1-score of 0.98 for tooth numbering. Concerning identification of cavitated teeth, our approach reached precision of 0.96, recall of 0.91, accuracy of 0.94, specificity of 0.96 and F1-score of 0.94. By addressing the critical challenges and reaching high performance, our study serves as a benchmark that relates innovative research and real-world applications, fostering advancements in dental diagnosis. The performance reported herein demonstrates that our initiatives can modulate image analysis tasks and select a more suitable CNN for the job.

Dental radiographs are critical for diagnosing oral diseases, but interpreting them accurately can be challenging due to human factors like fatigue, experience, and complex anatomy. In our work, we developed a computer system that can automatically examine panoramic dental X-rays. Using nearly a thousand images carefully labeled by dentists, our system can recognize and number each tooth and detect cavities. We found that the system performs these tasks with high accuracy, showing that artificial intelligence can help reduce human error, save time in clinical practice, and provide more consistent assessments. By integrating intelligent image analysis into everyday care, our approach can support dental professionals in making faster, clearer, and more informed decisions.