# Long-term monitoring of Ziphius cavirostris behavior using 3D tracking from fixed hydrophone arrays off Southern California

## TL;DR

This study uses underwater microphones to track goose-beaked whales' deep-sea behavior over five years, revealing patterns in their foraging and social behavior.

## Contribution

The study presents long-term 3D tracking of goose-beaked whales using fixed hydrophone arrays, revealing new insights into their spatial and social behavior.

## Key findings

- Whales foraged closer to the seafloor at sites with complex bathymetry.
- Group sizes ranged from 1 to 9 individuals with site-specific seasonal and diel trends.
- Highly coordinated behaviors were observed during many deep dives.

## Abstract

Goose-beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are a deep-diving toothed whale species and top predators in deep sea ecosystems. Much is yet to be learned about their social and foraging strategies due to their elusive behavior, but this information is increasingly relevant given their demonstrated behavioral changes in association with anthropogenic sound. This study used direction-of-arrival (DOA) localization to track the position of goose-beaked whales from echolocation clicks recorded on seafloor-mounted hydrophone arrays offshore Southern California. Overall, 2738 tracks of diving goose-beaked whales were processed from acoustic recordings collected at four long-term monitoring sites between 2018 and 2023. Results highlight distinct spatial use patterns driven by bathymetric features at each site, with whales foraging closer to the seafloor at sites with complex bathymetry and showing a preference for certain bathymetric features. Group sizes at depth ranged from 1 to 9 individuals with a mean of 2.34 and exhibited site-specific seasonal variability as well as a strong diel trend at one site. During many of these encounters, individuals exhibited highly coordinated behaviors. This study demonstrates the value of long-term passive acoustic tracking for studying elusive, deep-diving species and provides significant advancements in understanding goose-beaked whale behavior at depth over long time scales.