# Sleep-related changes in astrocytic biomarkers are modulated by APOE ε4 genotype in cognitively unimpaired adults

## TL;DR

In healthy adults, sleep patterns are linked to brain fluid markers of astrocyte activity and Alzheimer’s disease risk, with these links influenced by a genetic variant called APOE ε4.

## Contribution

This study reveals how sleep quality and structure are connected to biomarkers of astrocyte function and Alzheimer’s disease in cognitively healthy individuals, with APOE ε4 genotype playing a moderating role.

## Key findings

- Lighter and more fragmented sleep is associated with higher levels of CSF YKL-40, Aβ40, pTau181, and tTau.
- Deeper sleep is linked to lower levels of CSF GFAP and YKL-40.
- APOE ε4 genotype moderates the relationship between sleep and astrocytic biomarkers like CSF YKL-40 and GFAP.

## Abstract

Astrocytes are key regulators of sleep and neuroinflammatory responses. However, the relationship between objective sleep parameters and astrocytic fluid biomarkers in cognitively unimpaired individuals remains unclear. We examined how sleep architecture relates to astrocytic, neuroaxonal and Alzheimer’s disease-related fluid biomarkers in cognitively unimpaired adults and whether age, sex and APOE ε4 moderate these associations. This cross-sectional study included 51 cognitively unimpaired participants from the Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration cohort. One-night in-lab polysomnography was used to quantify sleep architecture, fragmentation, slow-wave activity and respiratory parameters. CSF biomarkers included glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), chitinase-like-3 protein 1 (YKL-40), Aβ42, Aβ40, pTau181 and tTau; plasma biomarkers included GFAP and neurofilament light chain (NfL). Associations were analysed using Spearman correlations, multiple linear regression, and moderation models, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, APOE ε4 status and sleep apnoea. Lighter and more fragmented sleep, characterized by longer N1 duration, increased wake after sleep onset, frequent stage transitions and elevated cortical arousal, was associated with higher CSF YKL-40, Aβ40, pTau181 and tTau (ρ = 0.32–0.62, all P < 0.05). In contrast, deeper, more consolidated sleep, indicated by longer total time of sleep, greater N3 duration and higher slow-wave activity, was associated with lower CSF GFAP and YKL-40 (ρ = −0.35 to −0.44, all P < 0.05). These associations remained significant in adjusted regression models. Plasma GFAP and NfL exhibited an inverse profile, with positive associations with deeper sleep (β: 0.16–0.18, P < 0.05) and negative associations with lighter sleep stages (β: −0.23 to −0.29, P < 0.01). Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was also associated with astrocytic fluid biomarkers, with negative correlations for CSF and plasma GFAP (ρ = −0.49 and ρ = −0.28, respectively, all P < 0.05), while in regression models, REM duration remained a negative predictor of plasma GFAP (β = −0.23, P = 0.003) and a positive predictor of CSF YKL-40 (β = 0.12, P = 0.037). Notably, APOE ε4 consistently moderated associations between sleep and CSF YKL-40 and GFAP, while age and sex influenced plasma GFAP and CSF YKL-40, respectively (all P < 0.05). In cognitively unimpaired adults, sleep architecture is differentially associated with central and peripheral biomarkers of astrocytic activation, neuroaxonal integrity and Alzheimer’s disease-related proteins. These findings support the importance of considering sleep as a key factor in the early pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease.

Zhu et al. report that in cognitively unimpaired adults, sleep architecture is differentially associated with CSF and plasma biomarkers of astrocytic activation, neuroaxonal integrity and Alzheimer’s disease-related proteins. These associations were moderated by APOE ε4 status, suggesting a distinct pattern in individuals genetically predisposed to Alzheimer’s disease.

Graphical Abstract