Effectiveness of behavioral intervention programs for preventing and managing diabetes in adults: a systematic review of evidence

TL;DR

This study reviews evidence showing that behavioral programs can effectively prevent and manage diabetes in adults, especially through diet, cultural tailoring, and technology.

Contribution

The study systematically evaluates recent evidence on behavioral interventions for diabetes, highlighting effective components and outcomes.

Findings

Behavioral interventions reduced HbA1c by 0.3% to 0.7% in adults with or at risk for diabetes.

Culturally tailored and dietary programs showed the largest glycemic improvements.

Prevention trials reduced diabetes incidence by 20–30% compared to controls.

Abstract

Diabetes is a growing global health issue that can have serious consequences. As the value of behavioral intervention programs for preventing and managing this disease in adults becomes more evident, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of these programs in mitigating and managing diabetes among adult populations.

A comprehensive search strategy was employed utilising a range of electronic databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Only research articles written in English and published between 2012 and 2024 were included. Included were articles focusing on behavioral interventions targeting glycemic control (HbA1c) in adults (≥ 18 years) with or at risk for type 2 diabetes. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, with 39 studies meeting inclusion criteria after screening 1,156 initial records.

Thirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Of these, 28 reported significant glycemic improvements, with mean HbA1c reductions of − 0.3% to − 0.7% (Cohen’s d ≈ 0.28). Dietary and culturally tailored programs achieved the largest reductions, while CBT and technology-assisted approaches showed modest but clinically relevant effects. Prevention trials reduced diabetes incidence by 20–30% compared with controls.

Behavioral interventions effectively improve glycemic control and prevent diabetes in at-risk populations. Key components of success include individualized support, multidisciplinary care, and technology integration. These findings underscore the potential of behavioral strategies to complement clinical diabetes management globally.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-25319-y.

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