# Hypermethylation of lysosomal-associated genes LAMP1 and LAMP2 compromises lysosome function in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

## TL;DR

This study shows that hypermethylation of LAMP1 and LAMP2 genes in ALL patients impairs lysosome function, leading to autophagosome buildup and immune activation.

## Contribution

The study identifies hypermethylation of lysosomal genes as a novel mechanism contributing to lysosomal dysfunction in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

## Key findings

- LAMP1 and LAMP2 promoter regions showed more than seven-fold higher methylation in ALL samples compared to healthy controls.
- Reduced LAMP1 and LAMP2 expression in ALL patients correlates with increased autophagy-related gene expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Elevated DNMT1 and DNMT3 levels and reduced TET1 expression suggest disrupted DNA methylation dynamics in ALL.

## Abstract

DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), a hematological malignancy marked by abnormal cellular behavior and immune dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate how alterations in DNA methylation affect lysosmal function in pediatric ALL. A total of 50 blood samples were collected from children diagnosed with ALL and analyzed for biochemical markers associated with the disease. Expression levels of key DNA methylation regulators, including DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and DNMT3, were evaluated and compared with those from healthy controls. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-27 (IL-27), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were monitored over a six-day period prior to treatment initiation. The study also assessed the expression of lysosome-associated membrane proteins, LAMP1 and LAMP2, which are essential for lysosomal function and the degradation of autophagosomes. To determine the DNA methylation status of the promoter regions of these genes, genomic DNA underwent sodium bisulfite treatment and digestion with methylation-sensitive and methylation-dependent restriction enzymes, followed by amplification with gene-specific primers. Our results revealed a significant upregulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3 in ALL samples, along with a marked downregulation of TET1 gene expression, which is responsible for DNA demethylation. This suggests that disrupted DNA methylation dynamics may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, methylation levels within the CpG islands of the LAMP1 and LAMP2 promoter regions were substantially elevated, showing more than a seven-fold increase in ALL samples compared to healthy control blood samples. In ALL samples, the expression levels of LAMP1 and LAMP2 were significantly reduced, may due to promoter region hypermethylation, which contributes to lysosomal dysfunction. In parallel, the expression of autophagy-related genes such as ATG5 and LC3B, markers of autophagy initiation and maturation, respectively, was markedly increased, suggesting an accumulation of autophagosomes that depend on functional lysosomes for complete degradation. Additionally, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-27, and TNF-α were consistently observed in ALL patients, indicating heightened immune activation that may drive disease progression. Collectively, these findings underscore the pivotal role of DNA methylation in disrupting lysosomal function, leading to autophagosome accumulation and impaired recycling of cytoplasmic components.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12026-025-09712-8.