# Validation of cognitive and psychosocial tools in Kenya: findings from the LOSHAK feasibility pilot

## TL;DR

This study shows that cognitive and psychosocial tools can be reliably adapted and used in Kenya, supporting future aging research in low-resource settings.

## Contribution

The study provides the first evidence of the feasibility of culturally adapted cognitive assessments in Sub-Saharan Africa.

## Key findings

- McDonald’s omega scores for cognitive and psychosocial domains were high, indicating strong internal consistency.
- Factor analyses showed adequate to perfect fit for most domains, supporting the validity of the adapted tools.
- The study demonstrates that rigorous cognitive and psychosocial measurements are feasible in low-resource settings like Kenya.

## Abstract

Adapting cognitive tests to culturally diverse and low-resource settings is essential for expanding knowledge of cognitive health in older adults beyond high-income countries. However, contextual differences in novel settings can affect reliability and validity. There is limited evidence on the feasibility of implementing culturally adapted cognitive assessments in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region projected to have over 158 million adults aged 60 and older by 2050. The Longitudinal Study of Health and Ageing in Kenya (LOSHAK) is designed to address this measurement gap by evaluating cognitive tests in this context.

We analyzed data from 205 adults aged 45 years and older from the Kaloleni/Rabai Health and Demographic Surveillance System in Coastal Kenya. Using McDonald’s omega and confirmatory factor analysis, we evaluated the internal consistency reliability and the factor structure of four cognitive domains (orientation, memory, executive functioning, language/fluency) and four psychosocial constructs (depressive symptoms, loneliness, subjective well-being, and life satisfaction).

McDonald’s omegas ranged from ω = 0.78 to 0.95 for cognitive domains and were above 0.83 for each psychosocial domain, suggesting high reliability. Factor analyses revealed adequate to perfect fit for most domains, and patterns of factor loadings were mostly acceptable.

The successful adaptation of these assessment tools in Kenya demonstrates the feasibility of implementing rigorous cognitive and psychosocial measurements in low-resource settings. These findings provide a methodological framework for future aging studies in similar contexts across Sub-Saharan Africa.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-24918-z.