# Scoliosis as a Paradigm of Pathological Spinal Curvature: Molecular Mechanisms and Imaging Innovations: Molecular and Imaging Insights in Scoliosis

## TL;DR

This review explores the genetic and molecular causes of spinal curvature and new imaging techniques for better diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis.

## Contribution

The paper integrates molecular mechanisms with imaging innovations to propose an integrated diagnostic approach for spinal deformities.

## Key findings

- Non-coding RNAs and Wnt signaling pathway dysregulation are linked to spinal deformities.
- Advanced imaging techniques like 3D reconstructions offer better diagnostic accuracy with less radiation.
- Combining molecular and imaging insights supports personalized treatment strategies.

## Abstract

Pathological spinal curvature encompasses a broad spectrum of deformities that
arise from a complex interplay of genetic, molecular, and biomechanical factors.
This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular underpinnings of
spinal deformities, with a focus on the dysregulation of non-coding RNAs,
aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, inflammatory cytokine
imbalances, and epigenetic modifications. In parallel, the article provides a
detailed overview of both conventional and emerging imaging techniques used in
the clinical assessment of spinal curvature. Traditional radiographic methods,
such as Cobb angle measurement and Ferguson’s method, are critically compared
with advanced modalities—including surface topography, ultrasound imaging, and
computer-aided 3D reconstructions—that promise enhanced diagnostic accuracy
while minimizing radiation exposure. By bridging molecular insights with
clinical imaging advancements, this review underscores the importance of an
integrated diagnostic approach for early detection and effective management of
scoliosis and related spinal deformities. The convergence of these disciplines
not only enriches our understanding of the pathogenesis of spinal curvature but
also lays the foundation for the development of personalized therapeutic
strategies.