# Oryzalin-induced polyploidy in Borago officinalis reveals cell-wall remodelling via immunofluorescence microscopy

## TL;DR

This study shows how inducing polyploidy in Borago officinalis changes its cell structure and wall composition, which could improve its medicinal and agricultural value.

## Contribution

The study reveals cell-wall remodelling in tetraploid Borago officinalis using immunofluorescence, offering new insights into polyploidy effects.

## Key findings

- Tetraploids showed thicker leaves, increased trichome density, and distinct growth habits compared to diploids.
- Microscopy revealed enlarged stomata, reduced stomatal density, and altered mesophyll organization in tetraploids.
- Immunofluorescence showed distinct cell-wall remodelling patterns in tetraploid tissues.

## Abstract

Artificial polyploidisation is a powerful biotechnological approach for improving morphological and physiological traits in medicinal plants. We investigated the consequences of chemically induced whole-genome duplication in Borago officinalis L.

Tetraploidy was induced in vitro using oryzalin. Flow cytometry verified the establishment of mixoploid and stable tetraploid subclones. Selected tetraploids were evaluated for morphology, anatomy, and cellular features using light/confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence labelling of pectic epitopes (homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan I).

Relative to diploids, tetraploids displayed thicker, darker green leaves, increased trichome density, and a distinct growth habit. Microscopy showed significantly enlarged stomata with reduced density, expanded vascular tissues, and altered mesophyll organisation. Immunofluorescence revealed distinct patterns of cell-wall remodelling in tetraploid tissues.

These findings illuminate the structural and histochemical consequences of genome-dosage changes in B. officinalis and highlight the potential of chemically induced polyploidy to enhance agronomic and pharmaceutical traits. The work provides a platform for future applications in plant metabolic engineering and molecular pharming.