# Kinetic Mechanism of Substoichiometric Inhibition of Huntingtin Exon‐1 Protein Aggregation by Selenium Nanoparticles

## TL;DR

This study shows how selenium nanoparticles slow the formation of harmful protein clumps linked to Huntington disease.

## Contribution

The paper reveals a substoichiometric inhibition mechanism of httex1 aggregation by SeNPs through selective binding to elongation-competent species.

## Key findings

- SeNPs reduce fibril formation of httex1Q35 by binding to extendable ends with nanomolar affinity.
- httex1Q7 remains monomeric for weeks, while httex1Q35 forms fibrils within hours.
- SeNPs act substoichiometrically, targeting aggregation intermediates without requiring a 1:1 ratio.

## Abstract

Accumulation of huntingtin exon‐1 protein (httex1) fibrils within neurons occurs when the polyglutamine region exceeds ≈35 residues and is responsible for Huntington disease, a fatal neurodegenerative condition. Recent work has shown that selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) are protective against neurodegeneration. Herein, the mechanistic basis for SeNP modulation of httex1 aggregation is explored. Fibril formation of httex1 entails two distinct processes on timescales differing by many orders of magnitude: prenucleation oligomerization on the microsecond timescale to generate a low population of transient tetramers that undergo slow (hours timescale) unimolecular conversion into elongation‐competent nuclei, followed by elongation and secondary nucleation. Using NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence immunostaining, and transmission electron microscopy, the interaction of SeNPs with two httex1 protein constructs, httex1Q7 and httex1Q35 containing 7 and 35 glutamine repeats, respectively, is studied. httex1Q7 undergoes transient prenucleation tetramerization but remains largely monomeric over a period of weeks, while httex1Q35 forms fibrils within a period of hours. It is shown that SeNPs reduce the rate of fibril formation substoichiometrically with respect to monomer by selectively targeting and binding with nanomolar affinity to the extendable ends of elongation‐competent species of httex1Q35, thereby reducing the pool of free extendable ends.

Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence immunostaining, and electron microscopy, it is shown that selenium nanoparticles reduce the rate of huntingtin exon‐1 protein fibril formation, substoichiometrically with respect to monomer, by targeting and binding with nanomolar affinity to the extendable ends of elongation‐competent species formed along the aggregation pathway, thereby reducing the pool of free extendable ends.© 2025 WILEY‐VCH GmbH