# Impact of implementation of World Health Organization National Action Plans on antibiotic rates: a time series analysis of 37 countries

## TL;DR

This study examined how antibiotic sales changed in 37 countries after they implemented WHO National Action Plans, finding mixed results with some countries seeing decreases and others increases.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is a time series analysis showing varied effects of NAPs on antibiotic sales across countries.

## Key findings

- NAP implementation was not associated with overall changes in antibiotic sales two years later.
- Country-specific effects ranged from a 38.3% decrease to a 65.3% increase in antibiotic sales.

## Abstract

We conducted an interrupted time series analysis to assess changes in antibiotic sales in 37 countries that implemented National Action Plans (NAPs) between 2013 and 2018. Overall, NAP implementation was not associated with changes in antibiotic sales two years later, with country-specific effects ranging from a 38.3% decrease to 65.3% increase.