# Impact of the indigenous rotavirus vaccine Rotavac in the Universal Immunization Program in India during 2016–2020

## TL;DR

India's Rotavac vaccine reduced severe rotavirus disease in children by 54% and cut hospitalizations, performing as well as international vaccines.

## Contribution

First real-world evaluation of Rotavac's effectiveness in India's national immunization program.

## Key findings

- Rotavac showed 54% adjusted vaccine effectiveness against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis.
- Hospitalization rates for rotavirus dropped from 40% to 20% after vaccine introduction.
- Protection was observed against non-vaccine strains like G3P[8] and G1P[6].

## Abstract

In 2016, India introduced Rotavac (G9P[11]), an indigenous oral rotavirus vaccine administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age through the Universal Immunization Program. Evaluating its effectiveness under routine programmatic conditions is critical, given the variable performance of rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. Here we assessed Rotavac’s real-world effectiveness and impact across 31 hospitals in 9 states between 2016 and 2020 using a test-negative case–control design. Overall, 24,624 children were enrolled in surveillance (62% male and 38% female). Of 8,372 children aged 6–59 months eligible for effectiveness analysis (1,790 rotavirus-positive cases and 5,437 rotavirus-negative controls), 6,646 received 3 doses and 581 were unvaccinated. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness of 3 doses against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis was 54% (95% confidence interval (CI) 45% to 62%), with 1,574 vaccinated cases versus 5,072 vaccinated controls. Among children aged 6–23 months (1,486 vaccinated cases and 4,595 vaccinated controls), genotype-specific adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 51% (95% CI 36% to 62%) for G3P[8], 81% (95% CI 73% to 87%) for G1P[8] and 64% (95% CI 21% to 83%) for G1P[6]. Following vaccine introduction, rotavirus positivity among hospitalized children declined from 40% to 20%. These findings confirm that Rotavac provides substantial protection against severe rotavirus disease, including nonvaccine strains, and performs comparably to internationally licensed vaccines in similar settings.

In this multicentered observational study, Rotavac, an indigenous, monovalent, live, attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccine, had an adjusted vaccine efficacy of 54% and protected against severe gastroenteritis in Indian children during its rollout between 2016 and 2020.