# A Triple‐Layered Composite Scaffold of Silk Fibroin and Decellularized Amniotic Membrane for Bladder Tissue Engineering

## TL;DR

This study creates a three-layered scaffold for bladder tissue engineering that mimics natural bladder tissue and shows strong biocompatibility and resistance to stone formation.

## Contribution

A novel triple-layered composite scaffold combining silk fibroin and decellularized amniotic membrane for bladder tissue engineering is developed.

## Key findings

- The scaffold's mechanical properties closely resemble those of human bladder tissue.
- Scaffolds with decellularized human amniotic membrane show no erosion or crystalline particle formation after exposure to human urine.
- The scaffold achieves high biocompatibility with adipose-derived stem cells.

## Abstract

Augmentation cystoplasty has different side effects in urinary bladder reconstruction. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop substitutes using natural and synthetic biomaterials to address current problems. This study evaluates the potential of a triple‐layered composite scaffold for bladder regeneration. The triple‐layered scaffold consists of a silk fibroin (SF) film blended with polyethylene oxide (PEO), a decellularized human amniotic membrane (DHAM), and a lyophilized SF sponge, which is seeded with adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) encapsulated in collagen hydrogel. The mechanical properties of the triple‐layered scaffolds closely resemble those of human bladder tissue. The cell survival, proliferation, and viability of the different layers of the scaffold are assessed. The results show that DHAM and silk sponge at a concentration of 4% wt v−1 achieve a high level of biocompatibility. To study potential stone formation, scaffolds either with DHAM or without DHAM are exposed to human urine. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X‐ray diffraction analyses indicate that the scaffolds with DHAM do not exhibit any signs of erosion or the creation of crystalline particles after 7 days. In conclusion, the data presented in this study highlight a new triple‐layered scaffold for the purpose of bladder tissue engineering.

This study develops a triple‐layered scaffold for bladder regeneration using a SF/PEO film, decellularized human amniotic membrane, and a SF sponge seeded with ADSCs encapsulated in collagen hydrogel. The scaffold demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties resembling bladder tissue, and resistance to urinary stone formation, making it a promising candidate for bladder tissue engineering applications.