# Habitat Differences in Resource Density and Distribution Affect Ecology and Life History of a Landscape‐Modifying Fish

## TL;DR

This study explores how differences in resource distribution affect the ecology and life history of a fish species in Lake Tanganyika.

## Contribution

The study provides a comprehensive field analysis of how resource heterogeneity and niche construction influence ecological and evolutionary dynamics in a natural fish population.

## Key findings

- Fish in evenly distributed habitats faced higher predation and matured earlier compared to those in clustered habitats.
- Despite differing predation and life history traits, metrics of selection and dispersal patterns were consistent across habitats.
- The research highlights the ecological and evolutionary implications of resource heterogeneity and habitat modification in natural populations.

## Abstract

Resource heterogeneity is a widespread phenomenon, as resources are rarely spaced evenly across a landscape. Variation in resource density and distribution can have a myriad of behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary consequences for populations, yet clarifying these effects is still challenging. We combine both novel and previously published data on genetic parentage, relatedness, life history, and predation to present a comprehensive field study of a shell bed in Lake Tanganyika. Here, a wild population of the cichlid fish
Neolamprologus multifasciatus
is naturally subdivided into habitat regions that differ immensely in shelter density and distribution, as well as in the capacity for the fish to physically rearrange their shelters into clusters (i.e., engage in niche construction). Shelters were evenly, densely, and continuously spaced in one habitat, while they were highly clustered in the other habitat. We expected the environmental potential for polygyny to be greater in the clustered habitat relative to the continuous habitat. Predation regimes and life history traits differed, with
N. multifasciatus
in the evenly distributed habitat experiencing higher predation threats, earlier maturation, and slower growth than those in the clustered habitat. Metrics of selection, however, were surprisingly consistent between the two habitats, as were patterns of dispersal. Overall, our research leverages the natural subdivision of a wild population into distinct habitats to investigate the ecological and evolutionary implications of resource heterogeneity and habitat modification.