# Variation in the Molecular Phenotype of βglu‐1, an Insect Defence‐Related Beta‐Glucosidase Gene, in Two Transcontinental Picea Species

## TL;DR

This study compares the βglu-1 gene expression in two spruce species to understand how it helps defend against insect pests.

## Contribution

The study reveals geographic and environmental influences on βglu-1 transcript variation in two transcontinental spruce species.

## Key findings

- βglu-1 transcript levels vary significantly within and between populations of Picea glauca and Picea abies.
- In P. glauca, βglu-1 transcript levels correlate with precipitation and insect outbreak severity.
- In P. abies, βglu-1 transcript levels are associated with annual temperature range.

## Abstract

Forest trees face threats from many insect pest species, underscoring the importance of understanding their defence mechanisms for survival. In a North American conifer species,
Picea glauca
, gene expression of β
glu‐1 produces phenolic compounds (acetophenones) that defend against its insect defoliator,
Choristoneura fumiferana
. β
glu‐1 is also expressed in a Eurasian conifer species,
Picea abies
, although no major insect defoliators are present within the species' natural range. We compared the range‐wide variation of β
glu‐1 transcript levels from foliage samples of
P. glauca
in North America and
P. abies
in Europe using RT‐qPCR and targeted transcriptome sequencing. β
glu‐1 transcript levels were highly correlated between the two methods, with large transcript level variation being detected within and between populations in both species and one of the β
glu‐1 gene forms being significantly differentially expressed in
P. glauca
. Importantly, β
glu‐1 transcript levels in
P. glauca
varied longitudinally and were positively associated with mean annual precipitation and
C. fumiferana
outbreak class, which has historically higher outbreak frequency and severity in eastern compared to western populations. In
P. abies
, β
glu‐1 transcript levels were associated with annual temperature range. Overall, these results enhance our understanding of potential adaptive variation in acetophenone defences in
P. glauca
, while the factors influencing β
glu‐1 transcript variation in
P. abies
require further investigation.